What concept is illustrated by turning graphemes into phonemes?

The concept that is illustrated by turning graphemes into phonemes is best represented by the nonlexical path in reading. This approach highlights the process of decoding, where the reader translates written letters (graphemes) into their corresponding sounds (phonemes) to form words.

This method is critical in beginning reading instruction, as it enables learners to systematically sound out unfamiliar words. By focusing on the relationship between the letters and their sounds, readers can approach the decoding of words without relying on memorized sight words or the context of those words. This is particularly useful in cases where students encounter novel words that they have not previously learned.

In contrast, the lexical path in reading involves recognizing whole words as units of meaning, which does not require phonemic breakdown. Fluency enhancement refers to improving reading speed and comprehension but does not pertain directly to the fundamental decoding strategy of graphemes to phonemes. Orthographic encoding is the process of converting sounds into written form, which is part of spelling and writing, rather than decoding for reading.

Thus, understanding the process of turning graphemes into phonemes directly underscores the nonlexical path's significance in developing reading skills, especially for emergent readers.