Fluency assessments should be based on which three components?

Fluency assessments focus on evaluating how well and effectively a student can read text with appropriate expression and understanding. The three components that are critical in measuring reading fluency are accuracy, rate, and prosody.

Accuracy refers to the correctness of the words read; students need to recognize words accurately to understand the text properly. Rate measures how quickly a student can read, which is important for improving comprehension, as reading too slowly can hinder understanding, while reading too quickly may compromise accuracy. Prosody involves the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech, which indicates a reader's ability to convey meaning and emotion in their reading, contributing to overall comprehension.

In contrast, other options emphasize different aspects of literacy. Vocabulary, comprehension, and speed involve elements of reading but do not encompass the full scope of fluency specific to how fluently a student can read. Phonics, spelling, and comprehension focus more on foundational reading skills rather than fluency in reading itself. Finally, reading level, word count, and summarization are concerned with the complexity of text and the ability to summarize content rather than the fluency of delivery.

Thus, the correct focus on accuracy, rate, and prosody encapsulates the essential components necessary for a robust fluency assessment.