Decoding involves the relationship between which of the following?

Decoding primarily involves the relationship between sounds and spellings. It is the process by which a reader interprets written words by recognizing the connections between letters and the corresponding sounds they represent. This foundational skill in reading allows individuals to convert written text into verbal language, facilitating the ability to pronounce words correctly and understand their meanings.

In educational contexts, understanding how letters and groups of letters (graphemes) correlate with their respective sounds (phonemes) is crucial for developing proficient reading skills. Decoding is essential not only for individual word recognition but also for fluency and overall literacy, as it helps students engage effectively with text. This aspect of reading instruction emphasizes systematic phonics and phonemic awareness, which are key strategies in helping learners become fluent readers.