At what age do executive functions begin to develop?

Executive functions refer to a set of cognitive processes that are critical for controlling behavior, managing time and attention, switching focus, and planning and organizing tasks. These functions are essential for goal-directed behaviors and are crucial throughout childhood and into adulthood.

The development of executive functions begins early in life, but the significant progression occurs around 9 months of age. During this period, infants start to exhibit behaviors that indicate the early stages of these functions, such as the ability to focus attention and follow simple cues. This foundational cognitive development lays the groundwork for more complex executive functions that emerge later, such as problem-solving and inhibitory control.

Other ages mentioned correspond to different developmental milestones but do not align as closely with the onset of executive function development. For instance, while there is notable cognitive activity during the first few years of life, the specific markers associated with executive function capabilities start to become evident around 9 months. By this time, infants are beginning to develop self-regulation skills and other cognitive strategies that are integral to the broader spectrum of executive functions.